January/February 2009

ARTICLE TOOLS

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A poignant moment arises in Stand and Deliver, a film about a group of students at Garfield High School in East Los Angeles whose lives are changed by their mathematics teacher, Jaime Escalante. He has finally begun to connect with them. With wide smiles they are following his lead in repeating a standard algebraic rule: "A negative times a negative equals a positive." After several rounds of this chant there is a pregnant pause, after which Mr. Escalante—with an equally wide smile—asks, "Why?"

The camera then cuts to another scene, leaving the question unanswered. Some in the viewing audience may very well wish that the scene had continued, having remembered the rule but forgotten the explanation. Indeed, why does a negative times a negative equal a positive? Most people have accepted this maxim even if they never heard a good explanation for it. After all, the laws of algebra have the same status as the laws that came down on a tablet from Mount Sinai, don't they?

Well, no, at least not according to Alberto Martínez, whose Negative Math: How Mathematical Rules Can Be Positively Bent is at once scholarly and readable. He argues that many of the rules of algebra could have been otherwise. The adopted ones came about by a variety of factors, and don't necessarily offer the best resource for dealing with every kind of scientific inquiry.

This attitude may seem odd: many thinkers view numerical theorems as independent of human construction. In the words of Martin Gardner, "If two dinosaurs met two others in a forest clearing, there would have been four dinosaurs there—even though the beasts were too stupid to count and there were no humans around to watch."

Interestingly, this opinion of mathematical ...