The Holy Land: Christian History Timeline
2000 Years in the Holy Land
June 30, 2008
Roman (63 B.C. — 324 A.D.)
c.30-33 Death and resurrection of Jesus 66 Jewish rebellion ignites war with Rome; Christians flee city 70 Roman army led by Titus destroys Jerusalem and Jewish Temple 132—135 Bar Kokhba leads second Jewish revolt 135Emperor Hadrian conquers Jerusalem and renames it "Aelia Capitolina"; Jews are expelled from city; pagan temple built over site of Jesus ' tomb 313Edict of Milan ends persecution of Christians The Byzantine Period (324-638)
324 Constantine becomes sole ruler of Roman Empire and decides to shift capital from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople) 325 Eusebius publishes Church History; Macanus, bishop of Jerusalem, attends Council of Nicaea 326 Constantine orders construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre; excavation uncovers tomb of Christ and supposedly pieces of the Cross c. 326-328 Queen Helena visits Palestine and builds churches 333 "Bordeaux Pilgrim" visits Palestine and keeps a travel diary 335Church of the Holy Sepulcher is dedicated for worship 337 Constantine dies; Eusebius publishes Life of Constantine 339 Dedication of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem c.348 —387 Cyril is bishop of Jerusalem 362—365 Emperor Julian "the Apostate" tries to reestablish pagan worship and promises to rebuild Jewish Temple 373 Melania the Elder and Rufinus found monastic communities on the Mount of Olives 384—386 Jerome and Paula establish monastery in Bethlehem 384—387 Egeria travels in the East and keeps a detailed account of her trip 391 Emperor Theodosius the Great outlaws paganism, making Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire c. 400 Rabbis in Tiberias compile Jerusalem Talmud 405 Euthymius, a monk from Armenia, settles in the Judean desert 410 Visigoths sack Rome 443 Empress Eudocia is banished and settles in Jerusalem, improving the city and its walls 451 Council of Chalcedon defines two natures of Christ; Jerusalem becomes the fifth patriarchate (with Constantinople, Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch) 516 Sabas and monks of Palestine gather to support Chalcedon 527—565 Byzantine Palestine reaches its height during the reign of Emperor Justinian 555—558 Cyril of Scythopolis writes biographies of the monks of Palestine 614 Persians sack Jerusalem 630 Emperor Heraclius invades Persia & recovers the True Cross, returning it to Jerusalem Early Arab (638-1099)
639 Jerusalem surrenders to Muslim Caliph Umar 691 Caliph Abd al-Malik builds Dome of the Rock 716 John of Damascus becomes a monk at the monastery of St. Sabas, where he writes defenses of icons and one of the first Christian critiques of Islam 1009 Muslim Caliph alHakim persecutes Christians and destroys churches, including Holy Sepulchre 1071 Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem 1095 Pope Urban II calls for First Crusade Crusader (1099-1291)
1099 Crusaders conquer Jerusalem 1187 Muslim Caliph Saladin conquers Jerusalem 1291 Crusaders are expelled from the Holy Land Mamluk (1260-1517)
1260 Mamluks of Cairo conquer Palestine and capture Crusader strongholds 1335 Franciscans return to Jerusalem to serve needs of Christian pilgrims Ottoman (1517-1917)
1517 Ottoman Turks conquer Jerusalem 1537-42Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem and undertakes many other architectural projects 1852 Muslim edict defines the "status quo" of property in the Holy Sepulchre 1880s Jewish refugees from Russia and other parts of Europe begin to settle in Palestine 1897 First Zionist conference is held in Basel British (1917-1948)
1917 Balfour Declaration supports Jewish home in Palestine; British capture Jerusalem during World War I 1923 British Mandate for Palestine begins Modern State of Israel (1948- )
1948 British withdraw; David Ben Gurion declares Jewish State of Israel; first Arab-Israeli war begins 1967 Six-Day War; Jerusalem is reunited Copyright © 2008 by the author or Christianity Today International/Christian History magazine.
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