March (Web-only) 2000

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Supplementing our issue on "The Ten Most Influential Christians of the Twentieth Century," historian Bruce Shelley highlights another of the century's most controversial figures.—Elesha Coffman, Assistant Editor of Christian HistoryIt was evident in the 1920s that controversy can come from the left as well as the right. From his position at Union Seminary and his pulpits in and around New York City, Harry Emerson Fosdick stood on the left.Fosdick was in and out of controversy most of his life. But his great passion was his disdain for fundamentalism. Early in life, he rejected Calvinism's "God who is a devil" and came to rely on the authority of his own experiences. He joined Union Seminary's faculty in 1911, but he met his first major controversy in the early twenties while serving as a Baptist minister in New York's First Presbyterian congregation.J. Gresham Machen, the fundamentalist defender of Presbyterianism, challenged his church's sanction of Fosdick's ministry and set forth his case against Fosdick's modernity and liberalism. "Modern liberalism," he wrote, "may be criticized (1) on the ground that it is un-Christian and (2) on the ground that it is unscientific. … If a condition could be conceived in which all the preaching of the church should be controlled by the liberalism which in many quarters has already become preponderant, then … Christianity would at last have perished from the earth.""The question," Machen wrote, "is not whether Dr. Fosdick is winning men, but whether the thing to which he is winning them is Christianity."Fosdick answered his conservative critics in May 1922 with an epoch-making sermon, "Shall the Fundamentalists Win?" (published under the title "The New Knowledge and the Christian Faith"). ...